Collections : [University of Michigan Special Collections Research Center]

The collection consists of a single diary in which two successive generations of women chronicle the upbringing of their own daughters.

The collection consists of a one-volume diary written by two generations of women about their respective daughters. The diary begins in 1858 with Mary Heald writing about the birth of her own daughter, Mary. Entries continue through the first year of the younger's life, and details not only her growth, but also the elder Mary's experiences raising one child and grieving the early death of her son.

Entires recommense in 1905, when the younger Mary begins chronicalling the young-adult years of her then 10-year-old daughter Madeleine. Mary describes Madeleine's maturation for the next five years and includes some brief notes from Madeleine, as well as her own writing.

The Philippine History Small Manuscripts Collection consists of 27 individual manuscripts--each less than 0.25 linear feet--related to the history of the Philippines. The collection includes correspondence, books, diaries, photographs, and microfilm gathered from various sources covering a wide chronological span, from the 17th century through the mid-20th century, with the bulk of the material related to the U.S. occupation of the Philippines from the Spanish-American War (1898) through World War II (1939-1945).

The Philippine History Small Manuscripts Collection consists of 27 small collections (each less than 0.25 linear feet) related to the history of the Philippines. These collections have been compiled over time from various sources. The materials cover a wide span in chronology and content, from 17th century Spanish Jesuit ethnology to mid-20th century photographs of Filipino politicians. The bulk of the material covers the period from the Spanish-American War (1898) through World War II (1939-1945), primarily representing American perspectives and stories. For instance, there are many examples of U.S. soldiers' diaries, recording their military experiences in the Philippines, especially during the Philippine-American War. Of particular note are two collections authored by Emilio Aguinaldo and Manuel Quezon, both Filipino politicians and presidents who played important roles in shaping the history and governance of the Philippines following independence from Spain.

The Ellen Van Volkenburg and Maurice Browne Papers document their personal and professional lives together. The papers are also an important source for American and British theater history.

Correspondence – Extensively documents the personal and professional activities of MB and EVV – Letters to their families, to each other, correspondence to/from other people connected with the theatre – Major correspondents include: Mary Aldis, Dorothy Crawford, Cyril Edwards, Dorothy and Leonard Elmirst, Arthur Davison Ficke, Wilfrid Wilson Gibson, Alexander Greene, Harold Monro, John Cowper Powys, R.C. Stewart, Charles Erskine Scott Wood – Also correspondence about Henry Morley, related to MB's attempted revision of Morley's A First Sketch of English Literature

Writings – Typescripts, annotations, notes, galleys, etc. – MB's autobiography, Too Late to Lament; his plays, including multiple drafts of titles such as The King of the Jews, The Mother of Gregory, and Wings over Europe; prose, including Recollections of Rupert Brooke; and poetry – EVV plays, including Ameriga Vespucci, The American, The Queen's Keys; her prose – Works by others

Theatrical Work – Companies and associations such as Chicago Little Theatre, Cornish School, Maurice Browne Ltd. - contracts, correspondence, financial records, meeting minutes, programs, scripts – Playbills - productions associated with Maurice Browne and Ellen Van Volkenburg, divided into United States and Great Britain; other productions – Printing plates of images and text used for Chicago Little Theatre materials such as playbills, etc. – Promptbooks for many of their plays, including published versions of the plays marked with cuts and edited versions EVV used in readings she gave – Puppets - small amount of material related to puppet productions

Samurai Press – Maurice Browne's project with Harold Monro – Correspondence, business records, several manuscripts, scrapbook, clippings, etc.

Personal and Family – Personal materials related to Maurice Browne and Ellen Van Volkenburg, including correspondence about their engagement, divorce, etc. – EVV's 39 journals covering 1910-1966 – Papers of other family members - Frances Anna Browne, F.H. Browne (MB's father - his papers, dismissal as headmaster, suicide), Edward Stanley Browne, F.W. Mercer (manuscripts he hand lettered and illuminated) – Family papers - Browne family, Neligan family, indentures on vellum

Photographs – Have been organized into groupings by subject – Family and Friends (roman numerals signify subject groupings - legacy from earlier cataloging) - Many photographs of EVV and MB, their families, travel photographs (MB went to India as a young man), Molly Underwood, John Cowper Powys, Arthur Davison Ficke, Mary Aldis, Marjorie Morris, other friends – London and New York I and II - organized by title of play - production/cast photographs (see both categories - not intermingled) - many from Journey's End production – Chicago Little Theatre, Cornish School, and Carmel - organized by title of play - many from Trojan Women – Associates - actors, guest artists, others associated with them

Artwork – Costume and stage designs for various productions (organized by last name of artist when known) - separate section for Othello – Miscellaneous art works - including portraits, woodcuts, watercolors, prints, sketches (organized by last name of artist when known)

Scrapbooks – contain photographs, clippings, programs (some not represented elsewhere in the collection) – some appear to have been created by professional clipping services – document Maurice Browne's parents, their early lives, public appearances, theater reviews, etc.

Printed Material – clippings, topical files

Realia – three breastplates and leather pouch worn by Paul Robeson in Othello, 1930 – puppet made of paper and bamboo – small plaster head (appears to have broken off something)

The bulk of the William R. Day Collection concerns the life and work of William Rufus Day. There are also materials related to other immediate and extended family members. Some of the topics covered in the William R. Day Collection are the Spanish-American War; the United States Peace Commission; the Mixed Claim Commission concerning reparations from Berlin, Germany; and William Day's career as a lawyer and diplomat. Materials represented include correspondence, newspaper clippings, publications, and manuscripts.

This collection contains a variety of materials including correspondence, newspaper clippings, publications, and manuscripts. Although the bulk of the collection concerns William Rufus Day, there are materials related to other immediate and extended family members. Some of the topics covered in the William R. Day Collection are the Spanish-American War; the United States Peace Commission; the Mixed Claim Commission concerning reparations from Berlin, Germany; and William Day's career.

The Correspondence and Papers series consists of 3 subseries: William Day, Family, and Miscellaneous.

The William Day subseries is organized by date and includes correspondence related to the Spanish-American War, Cuba, Germany and the Mixed Claims Commission. In 1896 there are materials related to the Monroe Doctrine, silver and gold, and Venezuela and Cuba. The 1897 folder primarily has correspondence related to Spain and Cuba. The 1898 folder contains materials related to Cuba, Spain, Germany, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. The 1899 folder contains congratulations William Day received upon being appointed a judgeship as well as speaking requests. 1900-1911 contains remarks, information about a Day family land transfer, Day's McKinley manuscript, a map of Washington, DC, and a European military map. 1920-1923 has correspondence and papers related to the 18th amendment (prohibition), the Berlin agreement by the Mixed Claims Commission, and Day's retirement from the Commission. Biographical materials include biographies, a genealogy, ancestry from the Mayflower, and a memorial. The scrapbook contains newspaper clippings related to William Day's work and life as well as that of his wife, Mary Elizabeth Schaefer, and his son, Luther Day. Topics are related to William Day's political and judicial career including the Spanish-American War, Cuba, and the Philippines, and Luther Days' career as a lawyer and politician.

The subseries Family includes four files. The folder for Luther Day, father of William R. Day, contains correspondence to Luther as well as papers related to him being elected a prosecuting attorney. The folder for Emily Spalding Day, mother of William R. Day, contains letters from her mother, sister, and cousin, as well as one letter from Emily to her mother. The folder for Louis Schaefer, father-in-law of William R. Day, contains letters to Louis from members of the Meiklehaus family and one letter from Louis Schaefer to his daughter on Schaefer's Opera House stationary. The Other Members folder contains letters and papers for other members of the Day family including Ellen Day, Laura Lyman, Frances Day, Lucretia Spalding, Honorable Spalding, Ida Barker, Luther Day (William R Day's son), Asa Spalding, and a pamphlet titled Industrial Peace with Justice which lists Stephen A. Day as the president.

The three miscellaneous folders contain papers and letters whose relationship to the Day family and William R. Day is unknown including a letter written in 1797 by Darius Morgan, a letter from 1795 to Ephraim Root, as well as some additional letters, a memo about being an officer of the United States, information relating to the Hero of Bitche, Red Cross instructions for knitting socks, and a list of names.

The Manuscripts series contains William Day's notebook related to his biographical project on William McKinley, Stephen Day's (William Day's son) notebook related to sales and cases he worked on, the dissertation of Joseph McLean about William Rufus Day submitted to New York University, and a folder of miscellaneous materials including a review of a German newspaper and an incomplete document about patent law and the rights of inventors.

The Newspaper series includes issues of the University of Michigan newspaper The Chronicle from 1868-1870 and an assortment of newspaper clippings from 1894-1950.

The Publications series brings together the published materials within the William Day Collection. They are mostly political in nature and relate to law cases, government documents and procedures, and political opinions. Also included are speeches given by William R. Day.

The Ephemera folder contains two items. One is an envelope for Goldie's Pens that begins "This packet contains as assortment (10) of the Goldie's, the highest grade of writing pens..." There is also a photograph of Robbie Hubbs on the packaging. Inside the envelope is a tissue that contains some unidentified seeds. The other item in the Ephemera folder is a carte de visite printed by Brand Artist. The portrait is undated and the subject unidentified, but it may be a young William R. Day.

The records of the Charles Ellet, Jr. papers include correspondence, court documents, technical drawings and plans, general orders, reports, meeting minutes, newspaper clippings, notebooks, diaries, photographs, and ephemera.

The papers of Charles Ellet, Jr. (1810-1862) span the years 1827-1954. The papers documents Charles Ellet, Jr.’s important contributions as a civil engineer to 19th century public works projects: building wire suspension bridges, canals, and railroads; conducting the first government funded survey of the lower Mississippi River Delta; constructing and commanding the U.S. Ram Fleet; and his contributions to economic transportation theory. The papers are arranged into seven series: Correspondence; Subject Files; Technical Drawings and Plans; Newspapers; Photographs; Notebooks; and Artifacts.

The bulk of the Charles Ellet, Jr. papers contain correspondence, dating 1838-1863. The papers also contain technical drawings and plans, newspaper clippings, legal documents, survey notebooks, scrapbooks, photographs, survey reports, publication drafts, general orders, ephemera, and building specifications for canals, locks, and railroads. The Correspondence series creates an intimate portrait of his family life and professional career; including notable correspondence with Lot Clark, Charles Davis, Edwin Stanton, Benjamin Wright, Charles B. Stuart, Joseph Cabell, and John Roebling. The Subject Files series records his professional contributions, containing organizational documents and records related to his work developing public works projects, lobbying for river improvements, the legal dispute surrounding the Niagara Falls Suspension bridge, and his command of the U.S Ram Fleet during the Civil War. The Technical Drawings and Plans series consists of survey drawings and maps for the construction of railroads and canals, with significant material from his survey of the Lower Mississippi River Delta. Missing from the Technical Drawings and Plans series are plans for the U.S. Ram Fleet. The Newspapers series contains many clippings relating to the Ellet family genealogical history, and the U.S. Ram Fleet’s service during the Civil War. The Notebooks series consists primarily of survey books from his survey of Philadelphia County, 1840-1841. The Charles Ellet, Jr. papers also contain family papers illuminating the life and military career of Charles Rivers Ellet and Alfred W. Ellet.

Through the steadfast preservation, collection, and promotion of Charles Ellet, Jr.’s life and work, Mary Virginia Ellet sold the Charles Ellet, Jr. papers to the University of Michigan’s Transportation History Collection in 1936.

Comprise correspondence, including series of letters from Ferdinand Freiligrath, Clara Neymann, and Mathilde F. Wendt; correspondence and documents relating to Der Pionier, with many letters relating to his efforts in 1862 to prevent confirmation of Col. L. Blenker as Brig. Gen. in the U.S. Army; manuscripts of his Gedichte and Erlebtes, and other works including poems, lectures, and articles; personal documents; and family papers including those of his father, Joseph Heinzen, and of his wife, Henriette Schiller Heinzen, including the Schiller and Moras family papers. Other correspondents include L. Bamburger, H. von Ende, H. Erichsen, K. Röser, J. A. Sprague, and F. H. Zitz.

Heinzen, a German refugee of 1848-49, was a radical author and lecturer and, from 1854 to 1879, editor of Der Pionier. Correspondence relating to Der Pionier, his efforts to prevent confirmation of Col. Ludwig Blenker as brigadier general in the United States Army, and other matters; manuscripts of his poems, lectures, articles, and other works, including Gedichte and Erlebtes; and family papers of his father, Joseph Heinzen, and his wife, Henriette Schiller Heinzen (Schiller and Moras families). Correspondents include Louis Bamberger, Heinrich von Ende, Hugo Erichsen, Ferdinand Freiligrath, Clara Neymann, Karl Roser, Julia A. Sprague, Mathilde F. Wendt, and Franz Zitz. The papers are in German, French, and English, chiefly in old-style German cursive. Many letters are accompanied by transcriptions, translations, or summaries in English.

This collection is comprised of 72 nineteenth century cookie cutters--as well as a few presses and molds--made from a variety of materials such as tin, wood, plaster, and clay. These are of historical significance and rarity and were collected by Ohio resident Bruce Winchester. This collection is part of the Janice Bluestein Longone Culinary Archive in the Special Collections Research Center at the University of Michigan Library.

The collection is comprised of 72 nineteenth century cookie cutters--as well as a few molds and presses--made from a variety of materials such as tin, wood, plaster, and clay.

Ardis Press was an independent publishing house in Ann Arbor founded by Carl and Ellendea Proffer in 1971 that was dedicated to the printing of Russian literature. The publishing house was known both for their English translations of previously untranslated works, as well as Russian printings of 20th Century Russian and Soviet authors. Additionally, they would print the works of contemporary Russian authors as well as anthologies and literary criticisms. Ardis operated from 1971-2002 when it was sold to Overlook Press. The majority of the materials in this collection are from the 1970s-1990s. Noteworthy pieces of this collection include the Russian anthology Metropol, the Russian Literature Triquarterly, and correspondence and manuscripts from a variety of Russian authors, including: Lev Kopelev, Vladimir Nabokov, Osip Mandelstam, Marina Tsvetaeva, Joseph Brodsky, and Sasha Sokolov.

Materials have been divided into seven series. 1. Author/Name Files: This series includes correspondence, manuscripts, newspaper articles, contracts, and publishing materials for Russian authors and translators. Materials are arranged by author's last name.

2. Collected Works/Corporate Authors: This series includes correspondence, manuscripts, newspaper articles, and publishing materials from corporate authors or anthologies of works. Materials are arranged by corporate name or anthology name.

3. Business Records: This series includes materials related to the operation of Ardis Press. It will have three sub-series: Publicity, Company Information, and Author Personnel.The Publicity sub-series includes will have three further sub-series: Reviews, Articles/Exhibit Info, and Marketing/Advertising. Reviews are arranged by author's last name, and both Articles/Exhibit Info and Marketing are arranged by subject. The Company Information sub-series includes sales information and records about Ardis. It is arranged by subject. The Author Personnel series includes three further sub-series: Royalties, Contracts, and Rights. The Royalties series has correspondence, invoices, and documentation for author's royalty statements. It is arranged by author's last name. The Contracts series includes contracts and documentation between authors and Ardis and is arranged alphabetically. The Rights series has documentation, invoices and correspondence regarding copyright and use permissions. It is arranged by subject.

4. Media: This series includes photographs, negatives, slides, audio, and visual materials from Ardis and its employees, authors and their families, Russia and the Soviet Union, and various interviews. Materials are arranged into two sub-series: Photographs + Albums, and Video + Audio. Materials are arranged by media type.

5. Artwork: This series includes artwork from Russian artists, some used for book covers. Materials are arranged by artist last name.

6. Carl and Ellendea Proffer Personal Papers: This series includes documentation, correspondence, awards and programs related to Carl and Ellendea Proffer. Materials are arranged by subject.

7. Non-Ardis Materials: This series includes documents, booklets, and posters from Russian sources but that are not related to Ardis. Materials are arranged by subject.

Collection of writings by and about Alexandre Dumas, père. Includes correspondence, literary manuscripts, and research.

The collection includes two series, Manuscripts and Research.

The Josiah Warren Papers comprises correspondence chiefly relating to the use of Warren's stereotype invention, the Equity movement, the cooperative society he founded in Modern Times [now Brentwood] N.Y., his philosophy of land ownership, and his journal, The Periodical Letter; lectures notes; and an article. Also printed leaflets.

The twenty-eight items in the Warren papers comprise correspondence to and from Warren, chiefly relating to the use of Warren's stereotype invention, the Equity movement, the cooperative society he founded in Modern Times (now Brentwood), New York, his philosophy of land ownership, and his journal, The Periodical Letter. There are also lecture notes, and an article, as well as some printed leaflets. It should be noted that many of the letters are difficult to read, as they are written on both sides of very thin paper.

Forms part of the Janice Bluestein Longone Culinary Archive. This collection includes materials promoting patent medicines - proprietary medicines available without a prescription. A small amount of material related to herbal medicines also appears in this collection. Publications date from 1836 - circa 1990s, with the bulk of material published from the 1870s-1920s.

Forms part of the Janice Bluestein Longone Culinary Archive. This collection includes materials promoting patent medicines - proprietary medicines available without a prescription. A small amount of material related to herbal medicines also appears in this collection. Publications date from 1836 - circa 1990s, with the bulk of material published from the 1870s-1920s. Corporations of particular note include The Lydia E. Pinkham Medicine Co. and C.I. Hood & Co. This collection includes several editions of Mrs. Winslow's Domestic Receipt Book from the 1870s-1880s, which includes culinary recipes, as well as testimonials promoting Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup for children's teething and regulating bowels and other medicines. Also worth noting are several editions of Ransom's Family Receipt Book from the 1870s-1920s, which include recipes, as well as advertisements for patent medicines.

Algernon Charles Swinburne was an important Victorian poet and critic. The collection documents Swinburne's literary affairs and friendships, plus critical reactions to the poet. It consists of correspondence, writings, photographs, artworks, and printed material produced by Swinburne, his friends and associates, and present-day scholars. Over 200 pieces of holograph correspondence and manuscript material, over half of which is by Swinburne, are included. Also prominent is material by Theodore Watts-Dunton, Swinburne's friend and legal advisor.

This finding aid encompasses accessions of single manuscripts and small groups of manuscripts and other papers by or pertaining to Algernon Charles Swinburne, which the library has chosen to gather into one collection.

Much of the material in this collection forms part of the Kerr collection, formally titled the "Evelyn and Lowell Kerr Collection of Swinburne Books and Manuscripts in the Library of the University of Michigan." The Kerr collection was assembled by Lowell Kerr, a dedicated Swinburne collector. (See biographical entry.) In addition, Kerr worked for many years on the compilation of a descriptive catalog to the collection, which was, unfortunately, never completed. More information on arrangement of the Kerr collection can be found at the end of this section. All of the books from the Kerr collection, and many of the pamphlets, have been removed and cataloged separately.

The works and correspondence of Swinburne are well-represented here. Much of the selection of verse is fragmentary in nature--in some cases, leaves of a single work are spread across repositories; but Swinburne's prose pieces are notable in their completeness and number. Also showcased are the letters and works of important figures in the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as other literary luminaries of the day. The publishing interests of Swinburne and his circle are also detailed.

The collection is made up of six series: Works, Correspondence, The Swinburne Circle, Photographs and Art Images, Printed Material, and Swinburne Research and Collecting. Unless indicated otherwise in the contents list, items in the Works and Correspondence series are holograph works by Swinburne (or, rarely, in the hand of an amanuensis). Items in the Swinburne Circle series are letters or manuscripts in the hand of their respective authors, or their secretaries. In some cases, autograph material originally laid into books has been removed and added to the collection; in other cases, such items have been left in the books. Either way, a note to such effect has nearly always been made in the book's catalog record or in the contents list below. Moreover, for purchased material, copies of dealer descriptions often have been retained and may offer further details not included here.

A Note on the Kerr and Lang Numbers:

Since many of the pieces in this collection have already been cataloged individually, further details can often be found in the catalog records for those items. Furthermore, "Kerr numbers" have been assigned to many items. These numbers refer to entries in Lowell Kerr's catalog, in which he described the items that were originally from his collection. Along with library staff members, he continually updated and reworked the catalog up until his death. Library staff continued to revise the work through the 1980s, but it was never completed.

Although every effort has been made to respect the provenance of items from the Kerr collection, in some cases a Kerr number may have been assigned but is not noted in the finding aid. Researchers wishing for more information on items originally from the Kerr collection should consult the various drafts of the Kerr catalog, which are available in the Swinburne Research and Collecting series. The Kerr numbers in this finding aid refer to the most recent available draft of the Kerr catalog. The researcher should note that the Kerr catalog, while containing a wealth of information, is heavily anecdotal in nature, with a number of guessed-at facts and dates still in need of verification.

Cecil Lang, professor emeritus at the University of Virginia, is an eminent Swinburne scholar. Professor Lang is the author of the six-volume The Swinburne Letters (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1959-1962). In this work, he assigns numbers to every item of Swinburne correspondence which he was able to locate, across repositories; thus, many items have both Kerr numbers and Lang numbers. Both numbers, where extant, are generally noted in the contents lists below.

Forms part of the Janice Bluestein Longone Culinary Archive. This collection includes pamphlets and recipe booklets promoting companies and corporations, such as gas companies, insurance companies, and others. It also includes books for brides promoting the goods and services provided by advertisers within these books, as well as catalogs for household goods and some food products. Publications date from 1840-1994.

This collection includes pamphlets and recipe booklets promoting companies and corporations, such as gas companies, insurance companies, and others. It also includes books for brides promoting the goods and services provided by advertisers within these books, as well as catalogs for household goods and some food products. Publications date from 1840-1994.

French activist Louis Blanc's papers consist of five manuscripts and 59 letters, most addressed to publisher Leon Escudier, and to Blanc's long-time friend, Noel Parfait (1831-1898).

The papers consist of five manuscripts and 59 letters, most addressed to Escudier, the publisher of Blanc's works, and to his friend Noel Parfait (1831-1898).

This collection contains correspondence and circular letters related to antiquarian and Shakespearean James Orchard Halliwell-Phillips (1820-1889). Most of Halliwell-Phillips's papers are located at the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C.

This smal collection contains correspondence and circular letters related to antiquarian and Shakespearean James Orchard Halliwell-Phillips (1820-1889). It pertains primarily to the development of his work in Shakespeare studies, especially on Shakespeare's biography. Most of Halliwell-Phillips's papers are located at the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C.

This collection contains material related to Detroit-based German-American physician, writer, and proponent of cremation Hugo Erichsen. It includes correspondence from European and American writers. Some of the correspondence is in response to Erichsen's survey on writers' methods, which he prepared for his 1894 book "Methods of Authors"- Harriet Beecher Stowe's response is included here, among other writers.

This collection contains correspondence and photographs primarily related to Erichsen's 1894 book, "Methods of Authors", and includes a variety of European and American authors' responses to his survey on writing habits. The collection includes a brief survey response from Harriet Beecher Stowe and a letter from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

Forms part of the Janice Bluestein Longone Culinary Archive. This collection includes culinary-related items relating to refrigeration and freezing. Most items promote particular brands of refrigerators, freezers, and ice cream freezers, and often provide instructions or recipes relating to the use of those products, especially frozen desserts. Publications date from 1860-1991, with most from the 1890s-1950s.

Forms part of the Janice Bluestein Longone Culinary Archive. This collection includes material that documents a variety of products, companies, services, subjects, that are otherwise unable to be categorized into another subject area. Publications date from 1861-2005, with most materials dating from the late twentieth century.

This collection contains ephemera material that documents a variety of products, companies, services, and subjects that are otherwise unable to be categorized into another subject area. It includes booklets, catalogs, pamphlets, order forms, price lists, and other promotional material.

Forms part of the Janice Bluestein Longone Culinary Archive. This collection includes promotional materials for fresh, frozen, and canned fish and seafood. Publications date from 1861-2011, with most materials dating from 1930s-1980s.

Henry Buck graduated from the University of Michigan in 1858 and was granted an M.A. degree in 1861. He was admitted to the bar and practiced law briefly in Grand Rapids. He joined the 51st Illinois Infantry Regiment of Volunteers, becoming an acting First Lieutenant on June 15, 1862, and was placed in command of his company about January 15, 1863. On September 19, 1863, at the Battle of Chickamauga, he was killed instantly with a shot in the head. The letters and diary are entirely concerned with his experiences and observations while serving with the Union Army. A biography of Buck, and his obituary, are included in the papers.

Within this collection is Buck's diary (the original, damaged by a bullet), a transcribed copy of the diary (hand unknown), Buck's letters home to his family in Ypsilanti, his obituary, a map of the Battlefield of Stone River, and his officers' bars (indicators of rank).