Collections : [University of Michigan Bentley Historical Library]

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Collection

Allmendinger Family Papers, 1824-2006 (majority within 1890-1986)

8 linear feet — 1 oversize volume — 1 oversize folder

Ann Arbor German-American family, owners of the Allmendinger Organ Company which later became the Ann Arbor Organ Company. Correspondence, scrapbooks, family genealogy, photographs concerning family affairs, materials on Helene Allmendinger's radio show, examples of spirit messages received by Helene Allmendinger from deceased family members; information pertaining to the Ann Arbor Organ Company, and family members still living in Germany.

The collection is divided into the following series: Family records and correspondence; Helene Allmendinger papers; Ina Allmendinger papers; Ann Arbor Organ Company; Harriet Birch papers, Other family members; Miscellaneous, and Photographs.

Collection

American Gold Star Mothers, inc. Washtenaw County Chapter records, 1950-1975

1 linear foot

Organization of mothers of servicemen who died in action. Minute books, scrapbooks, photographs, citations and certificate of service, and miscellanea.

The record group consists of minute books, 1950-1975; scrapbooks, 1950-1968; and miscellaneous other materials, including scattered photographs.

Collection

American Legion. Auxiliary. Erwin Prieskorn Unit #46 (Ann Arbor, Mich.) records, 1921-1992 (majority within 1970-1985)

3 linear feet — 3 oversize volumes

Minutes of meetings, 1921-1992; Administrative files include annual reports, membership materials, committee records, correspondence, and subject files relating to fundraising events and charitable activities; and scrapbooks, 1932-1983, containing clippings about activities with a scattering of photographs and letters.

The records of the American Legion Auxiliary, Erwin Prieskorn Post #46, Ann Arbor, Michigan, date from 1921 to 1992. The record group is divided into three series: Minutes, Administrative, and Scrapbooks.

Collection

American National Red Cross, Washtenaw County Chapter records, 1916-1976

4 linear feet — 1 oversize volume

History; board minutes and other records of the chapter, and of the Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti branches; activities files detailing work of chapter in matters of public health and wartime home services; newsletters; scrapbooks and newspaper clippings; and photographs.

The records of the Washtenaw County Chapter of the American Red Cross span the years from 1916 to 1975 and document the history of the first fifty years of the Red Cross in Washtenaw County. One may trace the growth of this organization from the early meetings at the home of Dr. Louis P. Hall on Hill Street in Ann Arbor in 1917 through the war efforts to the successful building campaign and the fiftieth anniversary celebration in 1967. Best documented are the administrative activities and the Home Service efforts of the county chapter. This record group is divided into five series: History, Administration, Activities, Informational, and Scrapbooks.

Collection

Michigan Council Hostelling International records, 1941-2005

5 linear feet — 2 oversize volumes

The Michigan Council Hostelling International records (1941-2005) consist of materials related to the Michigan Council and Metro Detroit Councils of Hostelling International-American Youth Hostels (HI-USA), formed in 1943. Records include administrative files, national and statewide boards and committee minutes, publications, topical files, photographs, slides, and scrapbooks documenting hostel trends, events, and programming for the latter half of the 20th century.

The Michigan Council Hostelling International records (1941-2005) consist of administrative files, national and statewide boards and committee minutes, publications, topical files, photographs, slides, and scrapbooks documenting hostel trends, events, and programming for the latter half of the 20th century. The records have been organized into seven series of materials related to the Michigan Councils of HI-USA: Administration Files, Boards and Committees, Publications, Topical Files, Photographs, Slides, and Scrapbooks.

Collection

William K. Anderson Papers, 1878-1967 (majority within 1936-1964)

3 linear feet — 1 oversize volume

Detroit, Michigan, businessman, founder of Detroit Power Squadron and officer with its parent body, the United States Power Squadrons. Series in the collection include United States Power Squadrons; Boating Organizations; Published and unpublished articles and speeches; World War II Activities; Personal and Miscellaneous; and Photographs.

The papers of William K. Anderson consist primarily of materials relating to his life-long interest in boating, navigation, and other marine activities. Most heavily documented are those files detailing his involvement with various powerboat groups, the United States Power Squadrons and the Detroit Power Squadron being the most prominent. The collection has been divided into six series: United States Power Squadrons, Boating Organizations, Writings, World War II Activities, Miscellaneous and Personal, and Photographs.

Collection

Ann Arbor (Mich.) records, 1830-2002

14 linear feet (in 15 boxes) — 37 oversize volumes — 1 oversize folder — 3.67 GB (online)

Online
The records of the city of Ann Arbor, Michigan include council proceedings (1834-1919); assessment rolls (1830, 1839, and 1958-1959); scrapbooks relating to city government (1904-1951); and records and photographs detailing the city's waste management and recycling program beginning in the 1980s. Miscellaneous materials include plats of the wards, 1912; election returns, 1847-1852; records of the former city of East Ann Arbor and the Village of Ann Arbor (Lower Town); and minutes of the Ann Arbor Park Commission (1905-1956). Also of interest are files concerning the Ann Arbor Railroad and the city's street railway and interurban system.

The series in this record group include: Election returns; Bonds; Assessment Rolls; Miscellaneous; City of East Ann Arbor; Council proceedings; Scrapbooks; Ann Arbor Park Commission; Village of Ann Arbor (Lower Town); Photographs; Recycling and Environmental Issues; and Other City Records.

Collection

Ann Arbor Sesquicentennial Commission records, 1972-1974

3 linear feet — 1 oversize volume

Agency established to plan and coordinate activities in celebration of Ann Arbor, Michigan's, sesquicentennial. Minutes, printed matter, and administrative files of Douglas Crary, commission chairman; scrapbook relating to celebratory events and projects; and photographs.

The records of the commission include minutes of meetings, project files, publications celebrating the history of Ann Arbor, a scrapbook of events, and photographs of activities.

Collection

Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra Records, 1931-2003

6 linear feet

This record group contains the records of the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra, the Women's Association for the Ann Arbor Symphony, and partial records for the Michigan Civic Orchestra Association. The record group includes administrative and functional records, photographs, and audio/visual concert recordings.

The Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra (AASO) records document the founding and development of the orchestra and the Women's Association for the Ann Arbor Symphony. There are also some records of the Michigan Civic Orchestra Association. The records include administrative and functional records, photographs, and audio/visual concert recordings. The records are arranged into 11 series, History, Board of Directors, Symphony Business, Youth Activities, Fundraising, Publicity, Women's Association of the Ann Arbor Symphony (WA3S) Records, Michigan Civic Orchestra Association, Visual Materials, Scrapbooks, and Audio Materials.

Collection

Ann Arbor Young Men’s - Young Women's Christian Association (Mich.) records, 1894-1956

2 linear feet — 1 oversize folder

Minutes of board meetings, membership and treasurer's records, scrapbooks, and photographs.

The record group includes minutes of meetings, membership materials, and treasurer's records of the Young Men's Christian Association dating from 1902 to 1933. The history of the women's association is documented in greater detail with minutes and scrapbooks, dating back to 1894 and extending to the mid-1950s. There is very little material from the 1950s on.

Collection

George R. Averill papers, 1928-1969

2 linear feet — 30 oversize volumes

Editor and publisher of the Birmingham Eccentric; correspondence, scrapbooks, and other materials relating to his career.

The collection consists of correspondence, newspaper clippings, scrapbooks, and other materials concerning Averill's newspaper career, his support of Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg, especially in the election of 1934, and his support of other Republican candidates, particularly Wilber M. Brucker and Herbert Hoover. Some of Averill's correspondents include Roscoe O. Bonisteel, Wilber M. Brucker, James J. Couzens, Chase S. Osborn, Frank M. Sparks, and Arthur H. Vandenberg.

Collection

Andrew Babicki collection, 1916-1936

1 linear foot — 4 oversize folders — 238 MB

Online
Collected papers documenting the role of Michigan in World War I, including the Allied intervention in Russia, 1918-1919, the "Polar Bear Expedition."

The collection includes diary (1918-1919) of Henry Ahrens, 330th Field Artillery; scrapbook (1916-1936) of Ernest Kaser, 126th and 128th Infantry; papers of Thomas J. McCarthy, 339th Infantry, chiefly relating to disability and insurance; papers of Carl G. Olson, 337th Infantry, including a letter received from relatives; papers of Jesse H. Stage, 160th Depot Brigade, Camp Custer, including letters received from relatives; pamphlets from the YMCA, Red Cross and other publishers; ration cards, artifacts, and photographs.

Photographs and postcards of Camp Custer, Mich.; group photos of members of 32nd Division in the Army of Occupation in Germany, 1919; 160th Depot Brigade, Camp Custer; oversize group portraits of members of 41st Machine Gun Battalion; 107th Supply Battalion; 214th Field Signal Battalion; 330th Field Artillery; Company B, 337th Infantry; 339th Infantry; 2nd Company, Officers' Training School, Camp Custer; and survivors of the troop ship Tuscania; portraits of members of 339th and 340th Infantry; photos of 126th and 128th Infantry in scrapbook of Ernest Kaser; postcard of military parade in Flint, Mich.; 330th Field Artillery pennant.

Collection

Standish Backus papers, 1919-1942

4 linear feet — 1 oversize volume

Detroit, Michigan, businessman, president of the Burroughs Adding Machine Co. Correspondence and reports relating to the Kelsey Expedition to the Near East for the University of Michigan and correspondence files, 1926-1942, concerning business affairs and social activities in Detroit and Grosse Pointe, Michigan; also writings of father Charles K. Backus, and photographs.

The Standish Backus collection consists of correspondence and reports relating to the Kelsey Expedition to the Near East for the University of Michigan and correspondence files, 1926-1942, concerning business affairs and social activities in Detroit and Grosse Pointe, Michigan; also writings of father Charles K. Backus, and photographs. The Photographs include portraits of members of the Backus and Standish families, and of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Boyer.

The collections is arranged into five series: Kelsey Expedition to the Near East; Correspondence files; Personal and memorabilia; Charles K. Backus volumes; and Photographs.

Collection

Franklin H. Bailey papers [microform], 1861-1912

2 microfilms

Online

The Franklin H. Bailey collection contains correspondence, diaries, a scrapbook, photographs, and other materials (including military discharge papers, Civil War songbooks, and scientific papers). 56 letters written to his parents in Adrian, Michigan from 1861-1865 detail his time in the military, with references to camp life, religion, sickness, concern over money matters, and skirmishes in which he was engaged, including a graphic account of the battle of Pittsburg Landing. An additional undated Civil War letter from Minerva Bailey's first husband, Levi Greenfield, reports on rumors of victories at Richmond and Vicksburg. Later correspondence includes letters he wrote to his wife while on a trip abroad in 1873 and a scrapbook of letters, 1880-1901, primarily concerning educational matters. Diaries (1865-1883) at least partially written in Pitman shorthand provide additional information on his war service, student life at Hillsdale College, finances, and teaching and scientific interests. A poem titled "Big Yank" refers to the Peninsula Campaign in 1862.

Collection

Herbert F. Baker Papers, 1904-1930

5 linear feet — 1 oversize volume

Republican state representative, 1907-1912, speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives, 1911, state senator, 1919-1922, and official of the Farmers' National Council, the National Gleaner Federation, the Michigan State Grange and other farm and insurance organizations; includes correspondence, clippings, photographs and scrapbooks, concerning his political and business activities.

The collection spans the dates 1904-1926 and contains five linear feet of correspondence, clippings, photographs and scrapbooks concerning Baker's political and business activities.

Collection

Harry H. Bandholtz Papers (Microform), 1890-1937 (majority within 1899-1925)

12 microfilms — 1 map — 2 oversize folders — 10 folders

Career military officer, served in the Philippines ca. 1900-1913, chief of the Philippine Constabulary, 1907-1913; papers include correspondence, constabulary reports, diaries, topical files, visual materials, and scrapbooks.

The Bandholtz collection, covering the period of ca. 1890 to 1925 (with some later papers of his wife Inez Bandholtz), consists mainly of materials accumulated while Bandholtz was stationed in the Philippines, 1900-1913. Except for this time in the Far East, Bandholtz was always on the move with ever changing assignments, and consequently his files covering his work on the Mexican border, for example, or the 1921 West Virginia coal miners strike (also known as the Battle of Blair Mountain) are substantially thinner. But in the Philippines, because he was a provincial governor and head of the indigenous military force, Bandholtz was at the center of affairs in this period of Philippine history. And beyond that, he made an effort to maintain and preserve as much documentation from his service here as he could.

The Bandholtz papers came to the library in three separate accessions in 1965, 1994 and 2005. The first accession includes the following series: Correspondence (1899-1913), Invitations, Miscellaneous, Published Materials, and Philippine Constabulary Reports (1906-1913). The second accession includes the following series: Biographical-Personal, Correspondence (1895-1925), Diaries (1900-1923), Topical Files, Visual Materials, Scrapbooks, and Inez Bandholtz papers. Although there is some overlap (especially in the two Correspondence series), the two accessions have been kept separate, and not interfiled, so that researchers who examined the first accession might read from the new material without having to go through the entire collection. This encoded finding aid treats the correspondence as a single series although it has not been interfiled. the third accession consists of correspondence (1903-1912), chiefly confidential letters between Bandholtz and Luke Wright and Leonard Wood, concerning major military an political issues in the Philippines.

Collection

Skulda V. Banér papers, 1900-1975 (majority within 1920-1964)

3.5 linear feet

Author of Ironwood, Michigan. Correspondence and scrapbooks relating to the development of Banér's literary career; also photographs.

The Skulda V. Banér papers document her career as an author and her midlife adaptation to blindness, as well as eighty years in the life of the Banér family. The collection has been divided into six series: Biographical Information, Correspondence, Manuscripts, Publications, Photographs, and Scrapbooks. Some material is in Swedish. The library also has the papers of Johan G.R. Banér.

Collection

Levi L. Barbour papers, 1857-1926

0.5 linear feet (2 boxes) — 2 oversize folders — 1 oversize volume

Correspondence, poems, articles, addresses, account book, and Delta Kappa Epsilon autograph book; letter book, 1883-1884, dealing mainly with prisons and jails in Michigan which Barbour inspected; scrapbook of miscellaneous clippings and scattered correspondence. Portraits and informal photos of Barbour, daguerrotypes of Barbour as a child and of his father, John Barbour, and autograph book (1860s) with portraits of members of Delta Kappa Epsilon (University of Michigan); a composite photo of the a composite photo of Michigan Constitutional Convention, 1907/1908 (with Barbour).

Collection

Russell Curtis Barnes papers, 1920-1978

7 linear feet

Correspondent with the Detroit News, director of the Psychological Warfare Division, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Forces, during World War II. Scrapbooks with clippings of newspaper articles; copies of propaganda leaflets directed to German soldiers and civilians during the war; reports, correspondence with family, and printed matter relating to war-time service; and photographs.

The Russell Barnes papers span the years 1920-1978. The bulk of the material concerns the period 1941-1953, the years Barnes spent as foreign correspondent for the Detroit News and the three-year interval during which he served in the Office of War Information.

The collection consists primarily of scrapbooks of his news stories, OWT leaflets, collected propaganda, and letters which he sent to his wife Constance, and, less frequently, to his children, Jeannot (Lucie Jeanne) and Jamie (John James Ingalls) while overseas and in New York. The most detailed description of his professional activities can be found in the letters he wrote during the months at the OWI in New York. He discusses the OWI personnel, its reorganization and the conflict with the OSS. The letters from the OWI Cairo and Algiers contain lively discussions of local customs and the rigors of life there, but are constrained by war-time censorship and thus shed less light than might be expected on his role as PWB director. The letters written while he covered the U.N. sometimes reflect the tense atmosphere there and the pressure brought to bear upon newsmen to take a stand on the issues they report. Barnes also discusses the power struggle in the Detroit Foreign Policy Association.

Collection

Doug Barnett Photographs and Scrapbooks, 1948-2001

2 linear feet — 3 oversize volumes

An avid University of Michigan Hockey fan, Douglas Barnett served as official timer at hockey games from 1958 to 1983, and was a founding member of the Dekers club, a hockey booster group. The collection includes memorabilia and photographs collected over more than 40 seasons, much of it relates to the Dekers Hall of Fame. Barnett worked for the University of Michigan Mail Service and scrapbooks containing photos of mail service staff, equipment, facilities, staff events, and clippings.

This collection is comprised largely of material related to Barnett's involvement with the Dekers, the University of Michigan hockey booster club and scrapbooks relating to Barnett's employment with the University of Michigan Mail Service. The collection is arranged in the following series: Dekers Material, Hockey Media Material, Hockey Topical Files, Hockey Photographs and Negatives, Hockey Scrapbooks, and Mail Service Scrapbooks.

The majority of the hockey material is related to the Dekers Hall of Fame inductions. This includes copies of player biographies read at the induction ceremonies, as well as questionnaires the players themselves filled out, and related correspondence. Barnett was often involved in organizing team reunions, and gathering relevant material. His photo collection, primarily copies of university photos, spans the history of hockey at the University of Michigan, from the first teams in the 1920s to Hall of Fame induction ceremonies in the early 1990s. More than 60 individuals comprise the collection of player, manager, and coach photographs. Images of many of these individuals can also be found in the Hall of Fame series.

The three Mail Service Scrapbooks chronicle Barnett's employment with the University of Michigan Mail Service. The scrapbooks cover the period from 1948 to 1981. Included in the scrapbooks are photographs of mail service staff, equipment, facilities, staff events, and newspaper clippings.

Collection

Lorraine Beebe Papers, circa 1920-1981

2.2 linear feet — 1 oversize volume — 1 oversize folder

Republican state senator, state coordinator of the Anderson for President campaign in 1980. Papers and photographs relating to her public career and to her interest in women's issues, especially abortion and the Equal Rights Amendment; also relating to her involvement with the President's Committee on Mental Retardation, her political activities and in the state senate; and scrapbook, 1966-1970, detailing political career.

The collection concerns Beebe's public career and her interest in women's issues, especially abortion and the Equal Rights Amendment Also documented is her involvement with the President's Committee on Mental Retardation, her political activities and in the state senate. The papers of Lorraine Beebe have been arranged into biographical files; career files - private; career files - public; organizational files; speeches; correspondence; honors and awards/miscellaneous; and photographs.

Collection

Blake family papers, 1806-1984

1.8 linear feet — 2 oversize folders — 1 oversize volume — 902 MB (online)

Online

Correspondence and other papers of Alde L. T. Blake, including exchanges with Jane Addams, Ben Lindsey, Governor Woodbridge N. Ferris, and Anna Howard Shaw, and other materials documenting Alde Blake's suffragist activities. Scrapbooks of William F. Blake largely concerning family history and business interests, and his correspondence; a volume containing copies of private and unofficial letters written by William Blake to various persons during his tenure as U.S. Consular Agent. A volume with copies of letters sent by Robert Blake in his capacity as U.S. Consular Agent serving in Canada, including detailed commercial report about London, Ontario in 1873. Freeman N. Blake's Law School notebook. Also, included a genealogical tree of Kutsche family. Correspondence, notebooks, wills, certificates, and other materials relating to other Blake, Kutsche, and Tuck family members. Visual materials include two photo albums, as well as numerous photographs (some oversize), daguerreotypes, and one tintype. Photographs include photos of Anna Howard Shaw, Jeanette Rankin, and others following a lecture by Dr. Shaw; also group photos, possibly of woman suffrage groups.

Collection

Edward W. Blakeman Papers, 1909-1963

3 linear feet

Counselor in religious education at the University of Michigan. Correspondence and biographical material; official reports; radio scripts; articles on the religious education of college students; scrapbook, 1933-1943; preliminary reports of a survey of college religious life published in 1942; materials relating to a survey of University alumni who entered religious vocations; and materials relating to Japanese-Americans in Ann Arbor, Michigan during World War II; also correspondence of several of Blakeman's predecessors as counselor in religious education; materials on the Student Christian Association, the Spring Parley, 1930-1942, the Michigan School of Religion, the Michigan Pastors' Conference, 1940-1947, the Michigan Child Guidance Institute and the Conference on Religion, 1940-1941; and photographs.
Collection

Paul Blanshard papers, 1912-1979

30.3 linear feet — 3.91 GB

Online
Author and social and religious commentator. Papers include correspondence, newspaper clippings, photographs, scrapbooks and drafts of articles and books, and other papers, including material concerning his student years at the University of Michigan, as Congregational minister, educational director of the Amalgamated Textile Workers of America, assistant editor of The Nation, chief of the New York City Department of Investigations and Accounts under Fiorello La Guardia in the 1930's, economic analyst for the Caribbean Committee of the U.S. State Department during World War II, and free lance writer noted for his observations on the Catholic Church in America and abroad.

The Paul Blanshard papers include correspondence, newspaper clippings, scrapbooks, drafts of articles and books, and speeches. The papers covering the period of 1912 to 1974 document the variety of Blanshard's life: his student years at the University of Michigan (1910-1914), his career as Congregational minister in East Boston, Massachusetts and Tampa, Florida (1917-1918), his work as educational director of the Amalgamated Textile and Clothing Workers of America in Rochester and Utica, New York (1900-1924), as secretary and lecturer of the League for Industrial Democracy (1924-1933), as correspondent and associate editor of The Nation (1928-1929), as director of the City Affairs Committee of New York (1930-1933) and head of the New York Department of Investigations and Accounts under Mayor Fiorello La Guardia (1934-1938), as director of the Society for the Prevention of Crime (1941-1942), as senior economic analyst and consultant to the director of the Caribbean Commission of the U.S. Department of State; and as freelance writer and critic of the Roman Catholic Church in America and abroad. The Blanshard collection also includes papers of his first wife Julia Blanshard and his second wife Mary Hillyer Blanshard.

The collection has been arranged into seven series: Correspondence; Writings and Related Materials; Biographical Information; Sound Recordings; Photographs; Julia Anderson Blanshard papers; and Mary Hillyer Blanshard papers.

Collection

Emerson R. Boyles papers, 1879-1911, 1931-1960

6 linear feet — 1 oversize folder

Charlotte, Michigan, attorney, legal advisor to Governors Frank Fitzgerald and Luren Dickinson and justice of the Michigan Supreme Court. Correspondence, newspaper clippings and other materials on Michigan politics, the Republican Party, and his association with Governor Dickinson; scrapbook, 1885-1889, compiled by Fred A. Pennington; account book, 1904-1905; day book, 1941; log book, 1942, of Beaver Island cabin; and miscellaneous notebooks and photograph albums.

The Emerson Boyles papers consist of correspondence, newspaper clippings and other materials on Michigan politics, the Republican Party, and his association with Governor Dickinson; a scrapbook, 1885-1889, compiled by Fred A. Pennington; account book, 1904-1905; day book, 1941; log book, 1942, of Beaver Island cabin; and miscellaneous notebooks and photograph albums. The collection has been arranged into three series: Correspondence and other papers; Miscellaneous personal and family; and Photographs.

Collection

Eunice M. Brake papers, 1934-1982

1 linear foot

River Rouge, Michigan, high school teacher. Travel letters and related materials detailing trips to most areas of the world; letters include comments on physical conditions, geographic descriptions, and cultural observations; also scrapbooks with photographs and clippings.

The Eunice M. Brake collection consists of travel letters, diaries and photographs relating to her various world travels between 1934 and 1982. In addition to the letters, which make up the bulk of the material, a number of menus, paper games and entertainment programs typical of those used by ocean liners in the 1930s are included in the collection.

The two scrapbooks included with the papers contain numerous personal and commercially distributed photographs from her trips to the Soviet Union and Australia. Included with them are numerous photos of London, Leningrad, Moscow, Athens, and Paris (circa 1934) and Australia, Samoa and Fiji (circa 1937).

The Brake papers (1 linear foot) are arranged geographically by the country or countries of destination and year of trip. Within each folder, the letters are arranged chronologically. All photographs are included with the letters (trips) to which they relate.

The letters were written with the intention of sharing information with family members and friends. The letters were then returned to the author for retention. In some cases, to save time, she made copies of the letters and added different and unique passages onto the end for family members or friends.

These documents are travel letters in which the writer comments on physical conditions and provides cultural observations and geographic descriptions. The letters which were written during the years in Japan and Thailand provide the greatest amount of detail. Brake writes about educational conditions and teaching methods in the Japanese and Thai schools. She describes social and religious ceremonies and customs of both cultures. Many of the letters detail her relation to and interaction with the local people of each society.

Collection

George E. Brand papers, 1910-1963

3 linear feet — 11 oversize volumes

Detroit attorney; member and officer of the American Judicature Society, the American Bar Association, and the State Bar of Michigan; correspondence, organizational files, speeches, and scrapbooks.

The George E. Brand collection is arranged into the following series: Personal/biographical; American Bar Association; American Judicature Society; Michigan Bar Association; Other materials (including speeches, general correspondence and articles); University of Michigan Law School Class of 1912 materials; a photograph; and scrapbooks.

Collection

Robert Bridge scrapbook, circa 1907-1918

1 volume

Photographs and memorabilia of life in Charlevoix, Mich. and of Bridges' friends and activities as a student at the University of Michigan. Also, a letter written by Bridges as a seaman with U.S. Naval Reserves.

Collection

Robert P. Briggs Papers, circa 1890-1981 (majority within 1942-1981)

3.5 linear feet — 5 oversize volumes — 1 oversize folder

University of Michigan professor of economics and accounting, businessman, U-M regent; papers include biographical material, topical files, correspondence, publications and speeches, audio-visual material, and scrapbooks.

The papers of Robert P. Briggs document aspects of his career as educator and administrator at the University of Michigan, and his experience as businessman and advocate for business. The papers are arranged in seven series: Biographical/Family Material; Topical files; Correspondence; Publications, Speeches, and Addresses; Audiovisual Material; and Scrapbooks.

Collection

Lawrence Brilliant papers, 1882-2022 (with gaps), undated (majority within 1972-1979)

8 linear feet (in 9 boxes) — 1 oversize folder — 1 film reel — 470.64 MB (online) — 1 archived website

Online
University of Michigan alumnus (M.P.H., 1977) and associate professor of epidemiology (1977-1988) who, as a medical officer for the World Health Organization (WHO), helped eradicate smallpox, primarily from India. Includes WHO Global Smallpox Eradication Programme correspondence, reports, photographic material, publications, and posters; and collected publications.

The Lawrence Brilliant papers documents efforts to eradicate smallpox, primarily the joint World Health Organization (WHO) and Government of India smallpox eradication campaign of 1973-1975. Material is dated from approximately 1882-2022 (majority of material found within 1972-1979) and includes correspondence, various kinds of reports and publications, photograph albums and a scrapbook, posters, and microfilm.

Researchers should note that this collection contains images of individuals, including children, suffering from smallpox.

Collection

W. W. Brower papers, 1880s-1890s

0.3 linear feet

The W. W. Brower collection consists of correspondence, financial records, advertisements, catalogs, photographs, and scrapbook dealing with his work; and material concerning the Independent Order of Good Templars and the American Protective Association. The photographs are of tombstones and hearses. The catalogs are from casket manufacturers and other firms providing supplies to his undertaking business.

Collection

Blanche Van Leuven Browne papers, 1898-1981 (majority within 1907-1930)

2 linear feet (in 3 boxes) — 1 artifact

Founder of the Van Leuven Browne Hospital School for Crippled Children and advocate for improved educational and work opportunities for children with physical disabilities. Contains materials related to the Van Leuven Browne Hospital School for Crippled Children and Browne's other initiatives for children with disabilities. Correspondence, scrapbooks, photographs, and publications; includes copies of novels and magazines related to disabled children that were authored by Browne.

The Blanche Van Leuven Browne papers document Browne's advocacy for children with physical disabilities. Highlighted in the collection is her work with the Van Leuven Browne Hospital School for Crippled Children between 1907-1917. Collection includes Browne's correspondence, Hospital School patient registers, schedules, and other administrative information, as well as photographs, glass plate negatives, clippings, and publications related to the school. The collection also contains copies of the novels written by Browne, "A Story of the Children's Ward" and "Easter in the Children's Ward," and other materials she published.

Collection

Samuel Miller Brownell and Esther Delzell Brownell papers, 1900-2003

20 linear feet — 1 oversize folder — 1.2 MB (online)

Online
Samuel Miller Brownell was an educator and school administrator who served as U.S. Commissioner of Education from 1953-1956 and as Superintendent of Detroit Public Schools from 1956 to 1966. He was married to Esther Delzell Brownell, who taught high school history before their 1927 marriage. This collection documents the Brownells' family life, and to a lesser extent, Samuel M. Brownell's career. Materials include a large collection of correspondence between Samuel and Esther Brownell, personal papers reflecting the family's social and cultural activities and daily life, and a series of scrapbooks, dating from 1900 to 1988, containing photographs, clippings, newsletters, correspondence, and ephemera. The older scrapbooks provide information about the early lives of both of the Brownells, and later scrapbooks document the family's vacations and Samuel Brownell's career as an educator, administrator, and political appointee.

The Samuel Miller Brownell and Esther Delzell Brownell collection documents the family life of two individuals from their courtship through their old age. To a lesser extent, the career of Samuel Brownell as educator is also documented. The papers are arranged roughly chronologically into three series, beginning with the lives of each of the Brownells before their marriage, and then following them as they moved from Nebraska to Michigan, to Connecticut, to Washington, D.C., to Michigan again, and finally to back to Connecticut.

Collection

Prentiss Marsh Brown Papers, 1902-1973

28 linear feet (in 29 boxes) — 2 oversize folders — 12 microfilms

Michigan congressman and senator, head of the U.S. Office of Price Administration; papers include correspondence, legislative files, speeches, political files, business and legal records, diaries and scrapbooks, visual materials, and sound recordings.

The Prentiss M. Brown Collection is rich and full and offers researchers materials on a variety of local and national topics reflecting the diversity of the man's private and public life. The earliest item in the collection is a letter book dated 1902-04 of James J. Brown, like his son a prominent St. Ignace attorney. The collection then picks up Prentiss M. Brown's entrance to the legal profession in 1917, traces his rise to public office, his work in Congress and with the O.P.A., and then concludes with his later business interests and his crusade upon behalf of the Mackinac Bridge.

The Brown Collection comprises approximately twenty-eight feet of correspondence, letterbooks, scrapbooks, diaries, speeches, topical and legislative files, photographs and phonograph records, and legal case files and business records. Covering the period 1917 to 1973, the papers concentrate most heavily in the years 1932-1942 when Brown was in the U.S. Congress. The greatest gap in the collection is in the period of the 1920s when Brown was making his first bids for political office. Also missing are any extensive files for the time of Brown's O.P.A. directorship. What the collection has on the O.P.A. are largely speeches, scrapbooks, and congratulatory letters.

Collection

William E. Brown papers, 1923-1972

11 linear feet — 3 oversize volumes

Republican mayor of Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1945-1957. The collection consists of topical files on Ann Arbor municipal issues, business records from his real estate and automobile sales ventures, scrapbooks, and photographs

The Brown papers have been arranged into the following series: Topical files; Other mayoralty papers (relating primarily to off-street parking); Scrapbooks; Business records; and Photographs. The Topical files are the largest portion of the collection and include correspondence, reports, newspaper clippings, and miscellanea concerning such issues as housing, the new city charter, off-street parking, the new Veterans Administration Hospital, planning for a new city hall, Brown's election campaigns, and the support given by Brown to Albert E. Cobo in his campaign for governor of Michigan in 1956. The scrapbooks, 1945-1962, contain newspaper clippings and other materials relating to his mayoralty.

Collection

Wilber M. Brucker Papers, 1877-1968

54 linear feet — 2 oversize folders — 22 GB (online)

Online
Prosecuting attorney of Saginaw County, Michigan, attorney general of Michigan, 1929-1931, governor, 1931-1932, general counsel to the Department of Defense during the Army-McCarthy Hearing, 1954-1955, and Secretary of the Army, 1955-1961. Correspondence, speeches, tapes, appointment books, scrapbooks, photograph albums, newspaper clippings, and other materials concerning his political career.

The Wilber M. Brucker Collection consists of correspondence, subject files, scrapbooks, tape recordings, visual materials, political ephemera, and other materials from a lifelong career in public service. The collection provides significant, though not always extensive, material on his activities as state attorney general, governor, and secretary of the army. In addition, the papers include documentation from Brucker's private career: his law practice, his involvement in the preparation of a plan for the reapportionment of the Michigan Legislature, his devotion to Republican Party causes, his activities with the Knights Templar of Michigan, and as a member of the World War I Rainbow Division. With some exceptions, the early phases of Brucker's life are not as well represented as one might hope. There is really no body of Brucker gubernatorial materials extant. What remains are scattered items, largely concerning the election campaigns of 1930 and 1932.

The collection has been arranged into twelve series: Biographical; Correspondence; Family Papers; Subject Files; Knights Templar; Rainbow Division; Appointment Books; Speeches; Secretary of the Army; Newspaper Clippings; Personal: Albums, Scrapbooks, etc.; and Visual Materials.

Collection

Eleanor M. Bumgardner papers, 1919-1967

8 linear feet — 9 oversize volumes

Personal secretary to Frank Murphy. Correspondence, newspaper clippings, and printed miscellanea concerning the life and career of Frank Murphy; also scrapbooks, and photographs.

The Bumgardner papers consist of two major series. The first is made up of Frank Murphy papers, including correspondence prior to July 1949, speeches of Murphy, and clippings and biographical materials. The second series pertains primarily to Bumgardner's activities and includes correspondence after July 1949, a topical file of clippings maintained by Bumgardner, miscellaneous books, clippings, and scrapbooks. There are also several files of photographs, portraits and informal photos, of Frank Murphy and Eleanor Bumgardner.

Collection

Marion L. Burton Papers, 1895-1925 (majority within 1921-1925)

22.3 linear feet — 1 oversize folder

College educator and president; president of University of Michigan, 1920-1925. Administrative correspondence, speeches, articles and scrapbooks detailing his years at University of Michigan; also his speech nominating Calvin Coolidge for the Presidency in 1924; and photographs.

The collection, although defined as personal papers of Marion Burton, is in fact the correspondence files of the office of president of the University of Michigan (1920-1925). Complementing these files are scattered personal items from the period prior to Burton's coming to Michigan. The collection has been arranged into the following series: Correspondence Files (President's Office); Miscellaneous President's Office Files; Personal Materials; Speeches and Articles; Scrapbooks/Newspaper clippings; University of Minnesota Topical Files; and Photographs.

Collection

George E. Bushnell papers, 1921-1965

13 linear feet

Justice on the Michigan Supreme Court, official in Scottish Rite Freemasonry, Sovereign Grand Commander, Supreme Council, Northern Jurisdiction. Correspondence and other topical files largely relating to activities and offices held within Scottish Rite Freemasonry.

The George Bushnell collection, except for a small series of personal and political correspondence, and some speeches, concerns Masonic organizations and activities. The series in the collection are: Personal / biographical; Correspondence; Speeches; Topical files - Masonic activities; Name Files (personal and Masonic); Visitation Files; Foreign Chapters; Records of other Masonic officers; Miscellaneous; and Scrapbooks.

Collection

Camp Filibert Roth (University of Michigan) records, 1928-1987

7.0 linear feet — 1 oversize volume — 1 oversize folder

Summer training camp for University of Michigan forestry students. Correspondence, memoranda, and other materials concerning the operation of the camp; include correspondence of Robert Craig, Jr. and Samuel T. Dana; material collected by camp director John Carrow which relates to the camp and School of Natural Resources; and photographs and scrapbooks.

The records of Camp Filibert Roth document the administration of the camp and the range of research, training and recreational acclivities that took place there. Records include topical and correspondence files of camp directors and School of Natural Resources faculty who worked with the camp, photographs and slides of camp facilities and activities, correspondence with camp alumni and printed material.

The records were received in two principal accessions. Boxes 1-2 were acquired from the School of Natural Resources. The second accession, boxes 3-7, consists largely of the material collected by John Carrow (1913-1995), a former student and professor in the School of Natural Resources. Carrow graduated from the University of Michigan in 1938 and joined the Faculty in 1947. He was also Director of Camp Filibert Roth from 1948 to 1967. Carrow was Secretary of the School of Natural Resources Alumni Association and continued to hold that position after his retirement as a full professor in 1977. Carrow collected items of historical interest not only from Camp Filibert Roth but also from the entire School of Natural Resources.

The records are organized into eight series: Topical Files, Chronological Files, Printed Materials, Alumni Association, Camp Files, Midwest Forestry Conclave, School of Natural Resources and Visual Materials.

Collection

Andrea Lael Cappaert Papers, 1952-1980

3 linear feet

Ann Arbor, Michigan, poet and journal writer. Journals, manuscripts of poetry and short stories, photographs, scrapbooks and other materials documenting her struggles as a polio survivor to cope with her disability and to lead an independent life; papers concern in part her association with the youth culture of the 1960s and 1970s.

The Andrea Cappaert papers date from 1952 to 1980 and measure 3 linear feet. The papers document Andy's involvement in the youth culture of the late 1960s and 1970s, and reflect her struggles as a handicapped woman to be an active participant in the world she lived in.

Collection

Leroy and Lael Cappaert papers, 1947-2002

6 linear feet

LeRoy Cappaert was a teacher and Democratic city councilman from Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1964-1970, delegate to the 1968 Democratic National Convention, and member of the Coalition for Peace in Central America, and organization established to provide assistance to Ann Arbor's sister city, Juigalpa, Nicaragua. Lael Cappaert was a librarian, also active in political and community causes. Papers and notebooks concerning LeRoy's election campaigns for the city council, his council activities, his work as delegate at the Democratic National Conventions of 1964 and 1968, and the 1968 Presidential campaign of Senator Eugene McCarthy, his work with the Coalition for Peace in Central America; memoirs of his wife Lael Cappaert, pictorial history of their daughter Andrea Lael Cappaert; audio-visual material; and scrapbooks.

LeRoy and Lael Cappaert's papers are divided into the following series: Democratic Party politics; Ann Arbor City Council; Personal/Biographical; Family; Coalition for Peace in Central America; Visual Materials; Sound Recordings; and Scrapbooks. Most of the files relate to LeRoy Cappaert's career.

Collection

Lucy E. Chapin papers, 1834-1910

1 linear foot — 2 oversize volumes

Ann Arbor, Michigan, resident and local historian. Collected Washtenaw County historical documents and scrapbooks of clippings, programs, photographs, and memorabilia.

The Lucy Chapin collection includes collected letters and manuscripts, most notably papers of James Kingsley, Washtenaw County public figure and member of the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan. Of great importance are the scrapbooks maintained by Lucy Chapin on the people and events of Ann Arbor and Washtenaw County. These scrapbooks document life in the nineteenth century from the 1840s to 1900. The volumes include clippings, programs, photographs, and memorabilia.

Collection

Roy Dikeman Chapin Papers, 1886-1945 (majority within 1910-1936)

32 linear feet (in 33 boxes) — 7 oversize volumes

Online
Lansing, Michigan businessman, founder of the Hudson Motor car Company, Secretary of Commerce in the Hoover Administration, leader of the "good roads movement" and the Lincoln Highway Association. Collection includes correspondence, speeches, business papers, clippings and scrapbooks and photographs.

The Roy D. Chapin papers include correspondence, speeches, articles, interviews, business papers, receipts, scrapbooks, photographs, and miscellaneous notes and files of Chapin's wife, and his biographer, John C. Long, concerning family matters, highway transportation, the automobile industry, general economic conditions, foreign trade, World War I, national defense, state and national politics, the Republican Party, and the University of Michigan. The collection also contains extensive papers concerning the Hudson Motor Car Company, including information on management policies, production, and labor organizing.

Collection

Lew Allen Chase papers, 1820-1955 (majority within 1894-1927)

1 linear foot — 1 oversize folder

Professor of history at Northern Michigan University in Marquette, Michigan; correspondence, family materials, scrapbooks, and photographs.

The Chase collection consists of correspondence, family materials, scrapbooks, and photographs. The correspondence dates from 1894 to 1955. One folder of letters is between Chase and James Cochran in which they discuss southern and northern attitudes toward Blacks. The family materials include letters of his mother Delia to Clara and Mary Noyes, and thirteen letters of the Chase-Beach family. There are also genealogical papers and a manuscript of "Personal Recollections of the Civil War" by Delia Chase. The scrapbook series includes letters, clippings, programs and photographs. One volume concerns Wilbert B. Hinsdale, Northern Michigan University, the Michigan School for the Blind in Lansing, and the Chase family. Correspondents include: James B. Angell, Harriet Bates, Alberta Chase, Cornelia Chase, George W. Chase, Edna Ferber, Archibald MacLeish, Thomas Mann, Ambrose M. Shotwell, Shirley W. Smith, Isabel Van Tyne, and Alexander Woolcott.

Collection

Children's Fund of Michigan, records, 1929-1965 (majority within 1929-1961)

23 linear feet (in 24 boxes) — 4 oversize volumes — 1 oversize folder

Detroit based philanthropic foundation created by Senator James J. Couzens and administered by William J. Norton to fund organizations in Michigan involved in child health and child guidance; includes administrative records, correspondence, reports of field visits, and topical files.

In the period beginning from the start of the depression and continuing through the mid-1950s, the Children's Fund of Michigan (CFM) was the state's most important private source of funding for programs having to do with children's health and recreational needs. Established just as the depression was beginning, it is impossible to overestimate the contribution made by this organization in such areas as rudimentary child health and dental care, pediatric care, in the establishment of area children's clinics, in its grants to nursing associations and hospitals, in its sponsorship of research in areas pertaining to childhood diseases and ailments, and in the funding and support of such youth-related organizations as the Girls and Boys Scouts, the Green Pastures Camp for Detroit area African American youth, and the Society of St. Vincent de Paul. The organization affected thousands of young lives at a time when help was most needed. The record of its contribution is fully documented through such records as minutes, correspondence, reports from the field, memoranda, and financial records. Topics documented within this collection include the condition of children and young people in mid-Twentieth Century America as the nation went through depression, world war, and the uncertainties of the post-war; the administration of a unique multi-million dollar charitable organization and how it allocated its resources; and, lastly, the activities during a twenty-five year period of the several statewide organizations begun or largely supported with CFM funding.

This record group consists of files from the CFM office in Detroit. The files are of CFM executive director and secretary, William J. Norton, and various other division directors, in particular Maud Watson and John M. Dorsey of the Child Guidance Division and Bernard W. Carey of the Child Health Division. They cover the period of 1929-1954, the twenty-five year life of the Fund, although there are included some papers dating up to the early 1960s. The presence of this later dated material is easily explained. As someone who was involved in social welfare organizations other than CFM, Norton continued to use the files (as he had in the past) for those papers relating to his other philanthropic and charitable organization activities. This filing practice, in addition to the fact that Norton (after 1954) continued to receive and file reports and memoranda from organizations and facilities that had received CFM funding, accounts for post-1954 materials in this record group. Norton was so closely identified with both CFM and the numerous local and state charitable organizations of the time that it is not feasible to divorce the two kinds of records - especially as Norton chose to file them as one. The researcher should note that the library has a separate William J. Norton collection that was received separately from the CFM records and which was most likely maintained in a different location. This Norton collection includes more personal materials not necessarily relating to the Children's Fund.

Collection

Oscar Gottlieb Christgau Papers, 1908-1971

12.2 linear feet — 2 oversize volumes — 1 oversize folder

Temperance leader, assistant to the general superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League of America. Correspondence, scrapbooks, dramatic productions, photographs, and printed material concerning the enforcement and repeal of the 18th Amendment, the political activities of the Anti-Saloon League, particularly during the election of 1928, and the temperance activities of William Jennings Bryan, Morris Sheppard, Billy Sunday, and F. Scott McBride. Correspondents include: Patrick H. Callahan, James Cannon, Arthur Capper, Luren D. Dickinson, F. Scott McBride, Homer Rodeheaver, Howard H. Russell, Morris.

The Christgau Collection is comprised of correspondence, scrapbooks, topical files, printed matter, and photographs covering the period of roughly 1906 to 1971. The Correspondence deals largely with the mechanics of Christgau's work: the enlisting and scheduling of temperance speeches and productions, local arrangements for temperance conventions, and personal support for local option and other temperance-related issues. Though there is some overlap, the collection includes a separate series of correspondence and other materials relating specifically to his work as manager of the regional Southeastern Conference convention of the ASL which met each year in St. Petersburg, Florida. This sequence of correspondence covers the years 1928 to 1948.

The collection includes Christgau's autobiography, many of his speeches and notes for speeches, notes which he made on the conventions he managed and the speeches he heard, and copies of the addresses he made over the radio in the late Thirties and throughout the 1940's. Christgau also maintained separate files documenting his work with the national ASL and the ASL of Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota. In a series of topical files, Christgau included information, clippings, and printed materials on individuals associated with the temperance movement and with issues of concern to temperance groups.

The collection also contains files pertaining to the dramatic productions which Christgau presented under ASL auspices. These files have been arranged by the name of the production and include texts of the drama and promotional materials. The remainder of the collection consists of a section of temperance printed items, newspaper clippings, bound scrapbooks and photographs.

Collection

Church Women United In Michigan records, 1929-2011

8 linear feet — 1 oversize volume

Interdenominational church women's organization. Histories, programs, office files, scrapbooks, and photographs of activities.

The records of Church Women United in Michigan (CWUMI) reflect only a part of the organization's history. No primary materials exist prior to 1948, and the existing material created between 1948 and 1954 is very sketchy. Documentation is richest starting the 1960s. Material from this era includes minutes of CWUMI executive and annual meetings, material relating to committees and committee reports, bylaws, correspondence of CWUMI presidents, periodical publications, files relating to projects and activities, material related to CWUMI local groups, and lists of member organizations.

Collection

John G. Claybourn Papers, 1908-1966

5.5 linear feet (in 7 boxes) — 1 oversize folder

Civil engineer, consultant on marine development and dredging, and superintendent of the dredging division of the Panama canal. Topical files relating to the maintenance and development of the Panama Canal and dredging problems in Burma, Colombia, and other Latin American countries; scrapbook relating to the Spanish-American War; and photographs.

The collection documents the professional life of John G. Claybourn, superintendent of the Dredging Division of the Panama Canal from 1921 to 1948 and a consultant on matters of river and harbor improvement. In addition to the Panama Canal, the collection illustrates the role of the United States in infrastructure development in the Third World.

The papers include materials created and collected by Claybourn in his work on the Panama Canal, materials relating to personal business activities away from his primary work, materials relating to consulting jobs and to Claybourn's activities in professional engineering societies, and personal correspondence, much of it with some business connection.

The collection is not clearly divided by topic: papers relating to a particular topic may be divided among topical files, files arranged by correspondent or company, and the general personal correspondence file. Some of the topics of interest include the following:

Burma: The papers document Claybourn's consulting work in the early 1950s, on contract with the U.S. government, to rebuild commerce on the Irrawaddy River destroyed during World War II and to develop the Dalla Dockyards near Rangoon.

Claybourn, Elsie Greiser: A scrapbook documents her activities as a long-distance swimmer and canoeist. Her retirement years are described in detail in the personal correspondence file.

Claybourn, Leslie W.: Claybourn's correspondence with his brother, an inventor and printing industry executive, provides some documentation of the development of that industry.

Colombia: In the 1920s Claybourn was involved in the development of the Dique de Cartagena, a ship canal serving that city. The papers document his relations with the Colombian government.

Florida: Claybourn was a consultant in the early 1930s for a projected canal across Florida. The collection includes surveys and other papers relating to this project.

Panama Canal: The papers reflect both Claybourn's work on the Canal and his interest in the history of its construction. Most papers on this topic have been drawn together in processing, but many are found under the names of correspondents and in the general correspondence file. The topics documented in the greatest detail are maintenance of the canal, especially clearing of landslides, and planning for additional locks and later for a sea-level canal. Information about dredges used on the canal is also included. A collection of photographs, most of them from official sources, parallels these strengths.

The papers also document Claybourn's moonlighting on private dredging operations during the 1920s. This material is found under the names of companies and projects.

Retirement: Claybourn's retirement years were spent in Ann Arbor. The personal correspondence describes in great detail his and his wife's retirement activities.

Rumania: Correspondence with Bill Arthur includes a copy of Arthur's diary of events during a 1940 rebellion in that country.

World War II: In addition to the Rumanian material described above, the collection contains much relating to defensive activities on the Panama Canal. The Burma project described above includes information about war damage to transportation in that country.

Other consulting activities: Consulting projects in Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Venezuela are documented less fully than those described above.

Collection

James F. Coakley papers, 1966-1971

1 linear foot

James F. Coakley was an assistant professor in the Department of Speech at the University of Michigan from 1966 to1971. Focusing mainly in theatre and literary interpretation, he was responsible for directing and managing many of the plays that were put on by the University Players during his time at the University of Michigan. Notable productions include The Homecoming, Lysistrata, Much Ado About Nothing, and Arthur Miller's After the Fall. Includes photographs from a 1967 production of After the Fall where Arthur Miller was present. Also scrapbooks, photos, and slides from other productions by the University of Michigan's University Players during 1966-1971.

The collection provides some documentation of plays Coakley staged with the University Players, notably Arthur Millers After the Fall, and lecture notes for courses he taught. The collection is organized into three series: "After the Fall", Photographic Slides, Speech 230 "The Arts of the Theatre" and Scrapbooks.